Narratives

 The Book of Mormon text has a number of narratives that geographic models should accommodate or explain. Key narratives include:

Mulekite/Phoenician connection. The Mulekites likely sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in a Phoenician ship.

• The Mulekites named their big river Sidon (Alma 2:15), the name of a major Phoenician port city along with Arwad, Byblos, and Tyre.
• The Phoenicians ca. 600 BC had formidable maritime experience and capability. They were much more advanced in this area than the Kingdom of Judah. See Philip Beale's two excellent books Sailing Close to the Wind Dorchester, England: Lulworth Press (2012) and Atlantic B.C. Dorchester, England: Lulworth Press (2022).

Philip Beale's Modern Replica of Phoenician Sailing Vessel

Isolation.

• Mosiah I discovered the Mulekites whose language was unintelligible to the Nephites. At contact, both groups realized they came from Old World Jerusalem. Omni 1:14-17.
• Coriantumr, a Jaredite survivor, lived among the Mulekites for nine moons. He carved his history on a stela, but no one among the Mulekites could read it. Omni 1:20-22.

Disorientation.

• Ammon and his reconnaissance party wandered for forty days in the wilderness Mosiah 7:4.
• Limhi's 43 explorers were lost in the wilderness for many days. Mosiah 8:8, Mosiah 21:25.
• The Lamanite army dispatched to intercept Limhi and his people were lost in the wilderness. Mosiah 22:15-16, Mosiah 23:30.

Incommunicado.

• Amaleki's brother returned from Zarahemla back to Nephi with the Zeniff colony and no word from the migrants ever reached Zarahemla. Omni 1:30, Mosiah 7:1.
• Captain Moroni on the northeast front was uninformed about Helaman's military activities on the southwest front. Alma 59:1-2.
• Many people who migrated to the land northward were never heard from again. Alma 63:8.

Over Extension.

• Ca. 71 BC the Nephites achieved their territorial maximum Alma 50:23. Only 36 years later, Lamanites controlled 100% of the greater land of Zarahemla. Helaman 4:5.
• Helaman thought Nephite armies were too small to effectively hold their large territory. Alma 58:32.

Mistaken Identity.

• Limhi's 43 explorers thought they had found Zarahemla Mosiah 21:26 and King Limhi believed them for a few days until Ammon and his party arrived Mosiah 7:14.

Enigmatic Phraseology.

• The term "pure water" appears only 2 times in the text. It is obvious what the fountain of pure water was in the place called Mormon - it was a spring of some kind. Mosiah 18:5. But how do you have an entire land of pure water as in Mosiah 23:4?
• What does it mean that the Nephites under Mormon fortified the city of Desolation and environs "with all our force?" Mormon 3:6. These fortifications were so well-engineered that had the Nephite armies just stayed home the Lamanites would never have prevailed. Mormon 4:4.

Dissimilar Climate.

• The disastrous return of Zeniff and his followers from Zarahemla to Nephi is likely due to very different climates in the two places. Economic opportunity, kinship ties, access to good land, violence, and natural disasters are unlikely to have been major motives for the reverse migration. See point #12 in the blog article The Usumacinta/Sidon Correlation.

Scantily Clad Warriors.

• Armies went to battle around the new year dressed only in loincloths. Alma 43:4, 20. 

Disobedience.

• Ammaron ca. AD 324 commanded Mormon to leave the Nephite repository in hill Shim Mormon 1:4. Ca. AD 375 Mormon removed the Nephite repository from hill Shim because the area was no longer secure Mormon 4:23. Ether 15:11 tells us that Mormon created a new Nephite repository in hill Ramah/Cumorah. A useful geographic model will shed light on Mormon's willful disobedience.

Containment

• There was a point along the west coast where the Nephites could successfully prevent superior Lamanite forces from overrunning the land Northward. Alma 22:32-34, Helaman 4:7.

Lehites Sailed East

Noe Correa, a brilliant Scripture Central colleague, shared this insightful exegesis with me today. I thought about it for several hours, and am convinced Noe's conclusion is correct. When the Lehites left their Bountiful harbor in modern-day Oman, they sailed east toward India, Indonesia, and the Philippines before crossing the Pacific and landing on the west coast of Mexico or Guatemala.

Likely Route of Lehite Voyage 

Up to this point, our single clue in the text of the Book of Mormon that pointed to a Lehite landfall on the Pacific coast of the Americas was Alma 22:28 that says the place of the Lamanites' fathers' first inheritance (aka land of their first inheritance Mosiah 10:13) was bordering the seashore on the west in the land of Nephi. Almost all Mesoamerican geographers locate the land of Nephi in highland Guatemala, so west by the seashore would be in the general vicinity of Izapa near the mouth of the Suchiate River which is the boundary between modern Mexico and Guatemala.

Noe now adds a second confirming data point. His logic is:

1. Nephi quoting Zenos says the Lord in the last days will remember and gather Israel from the isles of the sea and the four quarters of the earth. 1 Nephi 19:16. Jacob explicitly says the Nephites were upon an isle of the sea. 2 Nephi 10:20-21. The Lord also refers to the posterity of Lehi on an island 2 Nephi 29:11 in one of the quarters of the earth. 
2. Nephi reiterates the prophecy that the children of Israel will be gathered from the four quarters of the earth. 1 Nephi 22:25.

3. In 1 Nephi 21:8 Nephi quotes Isaiah 49:8, but as part of his "likening" Isaiah to his people (see 1 Nephi 19:23), Nephi adds the phrase "O isles of the sea" which explicitly makes the Lord's words in the Isaiah passage refer to the Nephites.

4. Nephi, still quoting Isaiah, says the house of Israel will be gathered from the north, the west, and the land of Sinim. 1 Nephi 21:12. The earliest text we have of Isaiah is the great Isaiah scroll from the Dead Sea Scrolls, and rather than "Sinim" it says "Syene" which is Aswan in southern Egypt. So, Isaiah is referring to the house of Israel gathering from the north, west, and south. But north, west, and south are not good enough for Nephi because it leaves his people out of the picture.

5. So in 1 Nephi 21:13 Nephi inserts the phrase "for the feet of those who are in the east shall be established" to complete the quadripartite partition of the earth into four quarters. Nephi is saying that his people, the Nephites and Lamanites, are in the east relative to Isaiah's Jerusalem. This means that the Lehite voyage sailed east from the Arabian Peninsula Bountiful. Nephi literally puts words into Isaiah's mouth to reflect the location of Lehi's posterity in the prophetic geography.

My tireless colleague, Alan Miner, has a third line of reasoning that shows Lehi travelled east from Oman. 1 Nephi 17:1 says the Lehites, after leaving Nahom, travelled "nearly eastward from that time forth."  Generally eastward from Oman (17 degrees north latitude) lands you in Mexico.

Was it possible to sail west from Oman anciently? Yes. Philip Beale in his replica ship Phoenicia demonstrated that single masted square riggers ca. 600 BC could have circumnavigated Africa just as Herodotus said the Phoenicians did. On the south coast of Oman, prevailing winds are seasonal. Westerlies predominate part of the year, then easterlies the other part. See the blog articles "Where did the Mulekites land?" and "Pacific Winds and Currents."